The network layer of the internet is called internet protocol (IP). Internet protocol version 4 (IPv4) was implemented in the year 1984. The three important aspects of internet protocol are addressing, fragmentation, reassembly and routing. The four important addresses are hardware addresses (layer 2 MAC), network addresses (layer 3 IP), domain based addresses (email) and universal reference locator (URL). 48-bit addresses are used in ethernet and token ring. A 12-bit DLCI connection identifier is employed in frame relay. Telephone numbers are used in SMDS. CIDR is classless interdomain routing where address space is used efficiently by reserving the number of addresses needed for a subnet. DHCP is dynamic host configuration protocol and is used where only a few of the subscribers are logging in at a time. Domain Name System (DNS) is a distributed directory service which is used for the translation between IP addresses and names. DNS is also used for the control of internet e-mail delivery.
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